Queen Elizabeth (r.m.s.)
Contenuto
- Titolo
- Queen Elizabeth (r.m.s.)
- Tipologia
- Opuscolo a stampa
- Descrizione
- Pubblicazione in lingua inglese a cura della società The Mond Nickel Company Ltd. relativa alle caratteristiche tecniche e all'allestimento in nickel del transatlantico Queen Elizabeth
- Data testuale
- senza data
- Consistenza
- 1 opuscolo (pp. 33)
- Stato di conservazione
- Discreto
- Copertine staccate dal dorso
- Soggetto produttore
-
Giovanni Zoncada (1898 - 1988)
- Identificativo
- NZ.000723
- Archivio, fondo o serie di appartenenza
-
ARCHIVIO NINO ZONCADAVedi tutti i contenuti con questo valore
-
5 - Pubblicazioni a stampaVedi tutti i contenuti con questo valore
- contenuto
-
Nickel in
R.M.S. QUEEN ELIZABETH"
} SR i
- 2%)
THE MOND NICKEL COMPANY L®
; . li A
Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London,WI.
Nickel in
R.M.S. “Queen Elizabeth”
CONTENTS
(I) PROPELLING MACHINERY AND AUXILIARIES page 3
(II) ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 9
(um) NAVIGATIONAL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT 13
(IV) PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION 20
(v) CATERING EQUIPMENT 28
Nickel silver plays a prominent part
in the decoration of the Cabin Class
Lounge, a corner of which is shown on
the left. The lighting fittings, beading
to the glass screen and the metalwork
of the balustrading are of nickel silver.
BELOW: A view of one of the deck en-
trances. The panel between the lift
doors is spra
ed with nickel and phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze back-
ground. Handrails, balustrades, stair-
case trim, beading around doors, strip
lighting fittings and ventilation grilles
are of nickel silver.
By courtesy of George Parnall & Co.
Ltd. (Decorative spraved panel designed
by Fan Futa and executed by 7. Starkie
Gardner Ltd.)
Nickel in
R.M.S. “Queen Elizabeth”
The Queen Elizabeth, sister ship to the Queen Mary, has been designed and
built in accordance with the announced policy of the Cunard White Star
Company to provide passenger transport of maximum comfort and con-
venience to a rigid weekly schedule between Southampton and New York.
Her size, power, extensive equipment and services testify the length to which
her owners have gone to implement this policy.
While her design, constructional details and propelling machinery follow,
generally, the marine engineering practice established by the Queen Mary's
construction, she embodies refinements, derived from continued research
and service experience, which establish her as an outstanding achievement in
marine engineering of modern times.
Inthe fields of decorative and architectural art she attains new high
standards of modern treatment fully in keeping with the excellence of the
hotel services, passenger accommodation and recreational facilities to which
they are the setting.
In her construction advantage was taken of the most up-to-date established
advances in all constructional fields of art and science. In this publication an
attempt is made to show the part played by nickel in these fields as repre-
sented by the uses made of nickel and alloys containing nickel in the various
departments of the ship.
I. PROPELLING MACHINERY AND AUXILIARIES
In the main propelling machinery and auxiliaries, many of the varied
properties provided by nickel-containing materials have been utilised.
Structural strength, toughness, heat-, corrosion- and erosion-resistance and
bearing qualities have all been provided, and it is interesting to note the
variety of functions which these nickel-containing materials fulfil as the
thermal energy of the fuel is converted to diverse other forms of energy in the
main propelling and auxiliary equipment.
In order to ensure that, despite the vagaries of the North Atlantic weather,
the Queen Elizabeth might maintain the close schedule desired, and arrive at
[3]
terminal ports at stated times, it was found that a shaft horse-power of over
160,000 would be required. This is developed in four sets of Parsons” quad-
ruple-expansion single-reduction geared turbines, each set directly connected
by line shafting to a propeller. The steam for these turbines and the auxiliary
generating sets is provided by twelve Yarrow-type, side-fired, oil-burning
boilers, working at a pressure of 425 Ib. per square inch and a final steam
temperature of 750° F. For many of the applications required throughout all
this equipment, from the pumps feeding fuel oil and water to the boilers to the
pinions driving the propeller shafts, nickel-containing alloys have been used.
Oil-Burning Installation
The oil-burning equipment is of the Wallsend-Howden pressure system.
The oil is pumped by eight Stothert and Pitt pumps, each capable ofan output
of 20,000 Ib. of fuel oil per hour. Each pump is driven by a 12 h.p. Laurence
Scott motor running at speeds varying from 1,500-750 r.p.m. through a high-
efficiency worm reduction gear, which reduces this speed to 270 r.p.m. To
withstand the heavy loads imposed upon them, these worm gears are made
from a 3 per cent. nickel case-hardened steel, advantage being taken of the
superior properties of core strength and toughness, without loss of case hard-
ness or wearing properties, which result from additions of nickel to the
normal case-hardening carbon steel. Air for combustion is directed by air
director vanes which, since they must withstand intense radiated heat, have
been made of a heat-resisting steel containing high percentages of nickel and
chromium.
Feed Pumps
The feed water is pumped through the I.P. and H.P. pre-heaters to the
feed regulators and boilers by means of Weir multi-stage turbine-driven
centrifugal pumps. There are eight of these pumps, four working and four
stand-by, fed with steam at 400 Ib. per square inch pressure and superheated
to 700° F. Many important components of both turbines and pumps are in
nickel-containing alloys. Monel, a 70/30 nickel-copper corrosion- and erosion-
resisting alloy, has been used in the pump turbines for the steam stop-valve
seats, throttle valves, pressure-governing piston and steam strainers, while the
turbine blading is manufactured in nickel-chromium heat- and corrosion-
resisting steel containing 16 per cent. of chromium and 10 per cent. of nickel.
In accordance with established engineering practice for components requiring
high strength and toughness without sacrifice of ductility, combined with
superior resistance to alternating stresses, the turbine shaft is in 34 per cent.
nickel-chromium steel heat-treated to a tensile strength of 58-68 tons per
square inch. The pump itself is of the ring section type, and the impellers
and diffusers are of Monel.
The admission of feed water from the pump and pre-heaters to the boilers
is controlled by Weir “Robot” type regulators of which there are twenty-four.
[4]
These regulators, in which the wearing liners and all parts subject to erosion
are of nickel-bearing corrosion-resisting steel, are float operated and utilise
Monel ball floats. Float liners and needle valves are in high tensile corrosion-
resisting steel containing about 18 per cent. chromium and 2 per cent. nickel,
and main valve seats in austenitic corrosion-resisting steel containing 18 per
cent. chromium and 8 per cent. nickel. The main valve and main feed check
valves are in a 35-40 per cent. nickel bronze.
The boilers are also fitted with Weir low level and oil fuel control gear
arranged to close the fuel supply to the burners when the water level reaches
a pre-determined low level. The floats in these are of Monel, and all wearing
parts are in 18 per cent. chromium, 2 per cent. nickel corrosion-resisting steel.
This steel combines with a high degree of corrosion-resistance the ability to
be hardened and tempered to high levels of tensile strength, hardness and
wear-resistance.
Steam Lines and Valves
As mentioned above, the boilers generate steam at a pressure of 425 lb. per
square inch and a final temperature of 750° F. This superheated steam is car-
ried to the turbines and auxiliaries in pipes bolted together with high-tensile
nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel bolts, and it is controlled at the boiler
and various other positions in the steam pipe lines by valves, components of
whichare in corrosion-resisting steels and nickel bronze of compositions varied
according to the severity of the service conditions to which they are exposed.
The spring-loaded safety valves, bulkhead emergency valves and cross-
connection valves were designed and made by Cockburns Ltd., and the in-
ternal components of the boiler stop valves and manoeuvring valves were also
designed and made by this firm.
There are in all fifty-six spring-loaded safety valves. Of these the twelve
triple safety valves on the superheaters and the twelve single safety valves on
the saturated steam drums have lids and seats in 33 per cent. nickel bronze,
and spindles of corrosion-resisting steel. The remainder, four double safety
valves, are fitted to the auxiliary steam boilers, and, not being subjected to
such severe conditions, have seats and lids of a nickel bronze with a lower
nickel content.
The twelve boiler stop valves, six bulkhead emergency valves and two
cross-connection valves, also the eight manoeuvring valves which distribute
steam to the turbines, have spindles of corrosion-resisting steel, valve seats of
corrosion-resisting steel or 33 per cent. nickel bronze and other internal
components of these materials or of Monel.
Monel and bronzes containing a high percentage of nickel are favoured by
manufacturers in view of their excellent resistance to corrosion and erosion by
water and steam. Furthermore, such alloys retain a large measure of their
normal strength and hardness at steam temperatures.
lis)
Turbines
Each of the four propelling units consists of a H.P., rst and 2nd I.P. and
L.P. turbine, each turbine driving a separate pinion engaging with the main
gear wheel which is in turn coupled to the forward end of the propeller
shafting. In these turbines, full use is made of the high-strength corrosion-
resisting alloy steels. The nozzle partition plates ofthe H.P. and L.P. astern
turbines were manufactured in Staybrite corrosion- and heat-resisting steel,
containing 18 per cent. chromium and 8 per cent. nickel. The gear pinions
driven by all these turbines were forged from 3} per cent. nickel steel.
Condensing System
The four main turbine units on the Queen Elizabeth with the various
auxiliaries are arranged to operate on the Weir closed circuit feed system.
In this system no opportunity is presented for the feed water to come into
contact with the atmosphere. The complete system comprises the feed pumps,
feed heaters and feed control valves mentioned above, Weir regenerative
condensers, motor-driven extraction pumps, air ejectors and drain coolers.
Each set of the main turbine propelling units is served by a Weir regenera-
tive-type condenser. The condensers were built by John Brown & Co. Ltd.,
and the condenser tubes, as in the Queen Mary, are of solid drawn 70/30
cupro-nickel. There are 13,780 tubes in each condenser, and the total weight
of tubes and ferrules in the main condensers is approximately 162 tons.
The condensate is extracted from the well of the condensers by Weir Lo-
Hed electrically driven two-stage centrifugal pumps, eight in number—four
working and four stand-by. The motors are of 45 to 55 b.h.p., with a speed
range of 850 to 1,250 r.p.m. The pump impellers are of cast Monel, with
spindles of the 18 per cent. chromium, 2 per cent. nickel type corrosion-
resisting steel, advantage being taken of the high strength and excellent
bearing properties of this steel, combined with marked resistance to galvanic
corrosion when in contact with dissimilar metals.
Two sets of Weir three-stage steam-jet air ejectors evacuate the air and
non-condensable gases from each condenser. The steam nozzles for each
stage are of Monel and are supplied with steam at 250 Ib. per square inch and
650° F. The cooler tubes are of 70/30 copper-nickel alloy. The condensate
from each of the condensers passes through a drain cooler receiving the drains
from a L.P. feed heater. The cooling surface of these drain coolers consists of
solid drawn cupro-nickel tubes. From the
drain coolers the condensate passes to the
L.P. feed heaters of a straight tube type, which
are on the suction side of the feed pumps. The
heat-transfer tubes in the L.P., I.P. and H.P.
feed heaters are also in 70/30 cupro-nickel
tubing.
[6]
A three-stage air ejector in which the steam nozzles and
Condenser extraction pump fitted strainers are of Monel, and the cooler tubes of 70/30
with Monel impellers. cupro-nickel.
By courtesy of G. & J. Weir Ltd. By courtesy of G. & J. Weir Ltd.
A turbo-feed pump with Monel valve
parts, steam strainers, impellers and
diflu
nickel-chromium, corrosion-resisting
steel and the shaft of nickel-chromium
The turbine blading is of
steel.
By courtesy of G. & 7. Weir Lid.
RIGHT: One of the sixteen-inch bulk-
head valves equipped with nickel-
bronze valve parts.
By courtesy of Cockburns Ltd.
aBovE: Weir Robot boiler feed regula-
tor controlling the admission of feed
water to the boilers. The float is of
Monel. and the float levers, needle
valves and seats of nickel-chromium
corrosion-resisting steel.
By courtesy of G. & F. Weir Ltd.
LEFT: The worms in the fuel transfer
and trim pumps are of 3 per cent.
nickel case-hardened steel.
By courtesy of Stothert & Pitt Ltd.
Miscellaneous Auxiliaries
Further applications of nickel-containing materials are found among the
many important auxiliaries essential for the efficient working of the main
machinery or the well-being of the ship.
Prominent among these are the Parry soot blowers, which keep the sur-
faces of the generating, superheater and air heater tubes clean and efficient.
The nozzles of these blowers, ofwhich there are 168, have to withstand the high
temperatures and erosion of steam and have been made in a heat-resisting
steel containing 25 per cent. chromium and 20 per cent. nickel. This steel is
also used for the wall box ends in the blowers and for the small nozzles
screwed into the nozzle pipes of the air heater blowers.
Also of importance are the superheater tube spacer supports and attach-
ment bolts. For these a heat-resisting nickel-chromium-iron alloy containing
approximately 55 per cent. of nickel has been used, the high nickel content in
combination with chromium ensuring adequate strength at the high service
temperatures, with resistance to the hot and highly oxidising furnace gases
with which they are in contact.
Other important auxiliaries are the ‘“Centrex” self-priming type bilge and
ballast pumps built by Drysdale & Co. Ltd., which incorporate Monel
impellers and 37 per cent. nickel-bronze bearing rings, and the condenser
cooling water and lubricating oil pumps, which embody Monel and nickel
alloy steel components.
II. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
With the exception of the main propelling machinery, the turbo-driven
feed pumps and some uses of steam heating for cooking, the Queen Elizabeth
is virtually an all-electric ship. AIl other propelling machinery auxiliaries,
steering gear, deck machinery, anchoring and mooring equipment are
electrically operated, as are the hotel and allied services, such as the ventilating
system, cooking ranges, dumb waiters and passenger and service lifts.
Throughout all these services nickel and alloys containing nickel have been
extensively used. Their widely varied applications are too numerous to detail
here; the following remarks will therefore be confined primarily to the more
prominent uses of nickel-containing materials in the electrical equipment.
The electrical power for all these services is
supplied by four B.T.H. turbo-generators,
each having a normal rating of 2,200 kw. at
225 volts, giving a total output of 8,800 kw.,
sufficient to supply the total electrical demands
of a small town.
[9]
The use of nickel in the generator turbines follows closely on the lines
described earlier for the main turbines of the propelling machinery. Thus, the
spindles of the high-pressure and turbine stop valves, controlling steam sup-
plied at 390 Ib. per sq. in. and 730° F., are of high-tensile corrosion-resistant
steel, containing 18 per cent. chromium with 2 per cent. nickel. The oil-cooling
tubes, condenser tubes and ferrules are in 70/30 cupro-nickel alloy, and the
pinions and pinion shafts of the reduction gear are in nickel-alloy steel. The
first-stage blading is in “Stayblade”, a heat-resisting chromium-nickel steel of
the 18 per cent. chromium, 8 per cent. nickel type. An interesting use of nickel
and nickel-bronze, not previously referred to, is for the prevention of steam
leakage. In order to ensure maximum operating efficiency and to ensure steam
“tightness”, the turbine shaft glands and diaphragm packings are in nickel-
bronze and the high-pressure joint rings are of corrugated nickel. The selection
of these materials is based on their good erosion- and corrosion-resistance
against super-heated steam.
The generators themselves are fitted, in all, with eight straight-line pattern
shunt field regulators, manufactured by the Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
The resistance elements in these regulators are made from “Ferry” resist
ance tape. “Ferry”, a nickel-copper alloy containing approximately 44 per
cent. nickel, has the highest specific resistance of the alloys in the nickel-
copper series, an extremely low temperature coefficient of electrical resist-
ance, and is particularly resistant to the action of marine atmospheres, proper-
ties which make it particularly suitable for use in marine electrical applications.
The major part of the energy generated is used in providing power for
hotel services and auxiliary machinery described elsewhere in this publica-
tion. The extent of the use of electric motors is illustrated by the fact that
there are over 650 of them, varying in size from } to over 300 h.p., with a total
of over 19,000 h.p. Over 500 of the control units for these motors, which
include every type of D.C. starter, were made by Allen West & Co. Ltd., and
“Ferry” was again used for all resistances. A corrosion-resisting steel con-
taining 8 per cent. of nickel was used for bearing pins in the automatic con-
tactor units and other items, it being essential that these components be free
from corrosion and free-moving under all conditions.
The network of communications in the ship is an electrical system, com-
plete in itself but requiring only small power for its operation despite its
importance. A comprehensive system of communication is obviously essential
for the efficient working of the ship, conveni-
ence of passengers, and safety in emergencies.
Each of these requirements is adequately
catered for in the Queen Elizabeth. This may
be instanced by the telephone system installed
by the General Electric Co. Ltd., the ex-
tensive engine-room telegraphs by Siemens
Brothers & Co. Ltd., and the radio equipment
[10]
riGHT: The back of the motor
control switehboard for the
steering gear drive showing the
banks of resistances and tubular
resistances, all of which are
wound with È
alloy. The
for the main
y, nickel-copper
arting resis
50 h.p. motors are
mounted away from the switch-
board and are of the unbreak-
ances
able grid type with grids of
nickel-copper alloy sheet.
By couriesv of Brookhirst Switch-
gear Lid.
Bove: In this large hand
operated control, the bear-
ing pins of the contactor
and mechanism are of
mickel-chromium | corro-
sion resisting steel, and the
resistance units (only the
framework of which is
shown in this view) are
wound with Ferry.
By courtesy of Allen West
& Co. Ltd.
BELOW: Power is generated by four B.T.H. turbo-ge
which utilise a number of nickel alloys. H.P. and turbine stop-
valve spindles are of nickel-chromium corrosion-re
ing steel,
30 cupro-
of the reduction gear of nickel
vil-cooling tubes, condenser tubes and ferrules of 70:
nickel, pinions and pinion shafts
alloy steel, corrugated joint rings of nickel, and shaft glands and
diaphragm packings of nickel-bronze. The first-stage blading is
of
steel.
tayblade” heat- and corrosion-resisting nickel-chromium
By courtesy of British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.
RIGHT: Some examples of the use of nickel alloys in
the lifeboat engines. The reverse gear expanding
member in the elutch assembly is of 2 per cent. nickel
cast iron, the crankshaft of 1 per cent. nickel «
the connecting rod and cap of 3} per cent. nickel steel
and the connecting rod bolts of 3 per cent. nickel
steel.
By courtesy of Fohn I. Thornycroft & Co. Ltd.
L
: These 3 per cent. nickel
steel pinions are part of the
mechanism operating the life-
boat davits.
By courtesy of Keighley Gear
Co.
apove: One of the magnetostriction oscillators
used in the “Hughes Recording Echo Sounder”
and a stack of the thin nickel stampings from which
these oscillators are constructed.
By courtesy of Henry Hughes & Son Lid.
The Sperry Gyroscope Mark XIV Master
Compass, employs nickel alloys for a number of com-
ponents (see page 14).
By courtesy of Sperry Gyroscope Co. Ltd.
LE
by the International Marine Radio Co. Ltd. These are only three of the many
and complex systems provided, all of which utilise nickel-containing alloys,
including nickel-copper resistance alloys, nickel alloy magnets and nickel-
copper-zinc electrical contacts.
In the telephone system there are 500 telephones and 585 lines, with an
appropriately large switchboard. First-class passengers are provided with a
telephone at their bedside, by which they can be linked to any ship or shore
station. Throughout this system nickel silver containing 18 per cent. nickel
has been used for the contact springs. The same alloy has been used for the
contact springs in the engine-room telegraphs. The nickel silver selected for
this purpose possesses corrosion-resistance, excellent spring qualities and
low contact resistance. This latter property is particularly important where
nickel silver to nickel silver contact is used without intermediary contact
points of special metals.
The wireless equipment is of the latest type, including the radio-telephone
system referred to above, the radar installations, and other equipment used
for navigation or communication. In this equipment, among the nickel-
containing materials used are nickel silver for contact springs and nickel wire,
mesh or foil for valve components. Nickel plating is used to protect com-
ponents against corrosion.
A complete list of the uses of nickel and alloys of nickel in the electrical
and communication equipment would be as lengthy as a list of the circuits
themselves, but the few examples given above will illustrate the extent and
nature of the use of such materials.
III. NAVIGATIONAL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The advances in design and technique, indicated elsewhere in this publica-
tion, which have been incorporated in the machinery and hotel services of the
Queen Elizabeth have not outstripped the improvements and additions made
to the navigational and safety equipment. Radar, wireless direction-finding,
depth-sounding, standard compass, sextant, chronometer, lifeboats, emer-
gency generators, etc., all assist in ensuring that the Atlantic crossing is made
in as short a time and as safely as possible.
As in the case of the electrical equipment, the navigational and safety
equipment is so extensive that only a selection of examples of the use of nickel
or nickel-containing alloys can be described and illustrated.
One of the most interesting of the navigational aids is the Gyro Compass
and Gyro Pilot. This consists of two complete Sperry Gyro Compass installa
tions with the usual accessories, including repeaters and course recorder,
[13]
and also a Sperry self-synchronous automatic pilot. Steering by gyroscopic
means, utilising the earth®s rotation as the controlling factor, has introduced
a degree of accuracy which would not have been believed possible in the
early days of ship navigation. The fact that the gyroscopic compass is non-
magnetic in its operation and is not affected by extraneous influences, together
with the fact that by its means steering can be made automatic, has con-
tributed in no small measure to increased safety and efficiency at sea.
In the Sperry Gyro Compass equipment the properties of various nickel
alloys have been used to obtain the maximum possible reliability. Out-
standing instances of this are the use of a high-tensile nickel-chromium-
molybdenum steel shaft for the 55 Ib. rotor, which is the heart of the instru-
ment; of Monel for the bodies of the contactors, which, by means of tungsten
contacts, carry current to certain components in one of the compasses; of
nickel for the anodes in the valves of the follow-up system of the second
compass; and of nickel silver for the speed-corrector scale, the slip rings which
carry current to the rotors and other components, and for the contact rings
of the automatic pilot. AIl bright parts of the equipment are nickel plated.
The automatic pilot and hand-steering gear control the rudder through
hydraulic rams. In the rudder itself, which weighs 140 tons, use has been made
of corrosion-resisting 18 per cent. chromium, 8 per cent. nickel steel bolts
and nuts, while for the rudder pintle bushes the 18 per cent. chromium, 2
per cent. nickel steel is used. The rudder is hydraulically operated, the flow
of oil to the rams being controlled by hydraulically operated valves. The
power for the rams is developed in 285 h.p., and that for the valves in 4 h.p.
electric motors driving hydraulic pumps. The control gear for these motors
was manufactured by Brookhirst Switchgear Ltd. The starting resistances
which are of the unbreakable grid type, mounted away from the switchboard,
are in nickel-copper alloy, and the control resistances on the switchboard
are of “Ferry”, the 44 per cent. nickel-copper resistance alloy.
Another interesting and modern navigational aid, which utilises a magnetic
property of pure nickel, is the Hughes Recording Echo Sounder. This is
fitted in the chart room of the Queen Elizabeth and employs transmitting and
receiving elements of pure nickel. These sound resonators or oscillators are
fitted in tanks welded inside the hull of the vessel near the keel. The trans-
mitter sends out a short pulse of sound waves, which is echoed back from the
ocean bed and picked up by the receiver. The
recording apparatus measures the time taken
for the sound to go down and return, and pre-
sents it as a depth measurement on a slowly
moving band of paper.
‘The method used to produce sound vibrations
in the water, which although highly efficient
[14]
Main Hall on the Promenade Deck showing extensive use of
nickel silver for decorative metalwork. The handrail, balus-
trading and trim to the staircase, the balustrading to the gal-
lery, beadings to the columns and panelling, ceiling lighting
fittings and metal trim to the plant tubs are all of nickel silver.
By courtesy of Bath Cabinet Makers & Artcraft Ltd., and
George Parnall & Co. Ltd.
Clock face in nickel silver.
By courtesy of Thomas Mercer Ltd.
A decorative metallised panel
sprayed with nickel and phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze
background to the design of Jan
Tuta.
By courtesy of $. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
LEFT: À view of the First
Class Main Dining Room. The
decorative metallised panels,
designed by Jan Juta, are of
bronze sprayed with nickel.
phosphor bronze and stain-
less steel.
By courtesy of J. Starkie
Gardner Ltd.
seLOW: Cabin Class Dining
Room. Nickel silver is used
for the lighting fittings, door
furniture, mirror frames,
er
minal collars to columns and
beading to the strip lighting.
The dumb waiter tops and
safety ridges are of Monel
and the splash backs of nickel
silver.
By courtesy of G. T.
Rackstraw Ltd.
By courtesy of British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.
A corner of the First Class Smoke
Room showing nickel silver beading
to the picture frame, columns and
lighting fittings and the nickel silver
window frames and ventilation grilles.
First Class Smoke Room. Use is made of nickel
silver as an enrichment to fine wood panelling
and columns, for air vents, strip lighting fit-
tings and window framing. One of the nickel
silver ceiling lights is shown on the left.
By courtesy of Waring & Gillow (1932) Ltd.
A view of the First Class Cinema and
Theatre with seating accommodation for
some 380 passengers. The supporting
standards for the seating are built up from
solid-drawn rectangular nickel silver tube.
The bracket supports for the underside are
of cast nickel sily
r. The upholstery is
carried out in red fabrie.
By courtesy of 7. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
is remarkably simple, depends on magnetostriction. Magnetostriction is the
property possessed by certain metals of expanding and contracting when
subjected to the influence of a varying magnetic field. Nickel is one of the
best examples of the few metals with this property. Nickel contracts in an
increasing and expands in a decreasing magnetic field.
The magnetostriction oscillators are constructed in the form of hollow
cylinders, built up from thin circular nickel stampings, through which a few
turns of wire are wound to convey the magnetising current. The tanks in
which the oscillators are suspended are kept permanently filled with water,
yet the packs require no attention and no anti-corrosive treatment other than
an initial dipping in insulating varnish.
Despite all the precautions and skill of builders, owners and crew, emer-
gencies may arise and must be allowed for, from a simple electrical failure to
an emergency which necessitates abandoning the ship. The regulations laid
down by the Board of Trade, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, and other respon-
sible bodies governing the safety of passengers and ships, have been more
than fully complied with.
‘The ship has been divided into 140 water-tight compartments, the doors
in the bulkheads directly controllable from the bridge and the entrance to the
turbo-generator room. Indicators have been fitted on the bridge which enable
the Commander to see the position of every door in the ship.
Twenty-six lifeboats are installed, each capable of carrying more passengers
than the original Cunarder Britannia. These lifeboats are motor-driven by
high-speed Thornycroft diesel engines, in which full use has been made of
the strength and reliability of nickel steels. The connecting rods and caps are
in 33 per cent. nickel steel, and the bolts in 3 per cent. nickel steel. The crank-
shafts are in I per cent. nickel steel, and the reverse gear expanding members
in 2 per cent. nickel cast iron. The davit gear, by Samuel Taylor & Sons, which
enables the lowering of the boats to be controlled by one man, employs
certain gears and pinions manufactured in 3 per cent. nickel steel.
Apart from major emergencies necessitating the abandonment of the ship,
provision is made for minor breakdowns, as instanced by the emergency battery
for the low-voltage (25 v.) electrical system supplying power for the call bells
and indicators, intercommunication tele-
phones, electric clocks,etc. The batterywas
supplied by Nife Batteries Ltd., and is of /
the nickel-alkaline type consisting of two
units, each of 120 Ah. and comprising
nineteen cells. These batteries require
noattention whilst notin useand, as there
is noloss of charge when the batteries are
standing idle, there is no upkeep cost.
[19]
Similarly, provision is made in case of failure of the main turbo-generator.
In this case two 75 kw. 220 v. diesel-driven generating sets have been pro-
vided, situated on one of the upper decks. The two diesel engines were sup-
plied by Associated British Oil Engines Ltd. Each has six cylinders and
develops 133 b.h.p. In these engines extensive use has been made of 3 per cent.
nickel steel for such components as camshafîs, intermediate and crankshaft
gears, fuel-pump driving shafts, engine-studs and bolts for cylinder heads,
cylinder casings and connecting rods.
IV. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION
Prominent among the many striking features of the First-class, Cabin and
Tourist accommodation provided, is the sense of spaciousness, combined with
evidence of attention to detail planning to ensure that no service or amenity
is lacking which might meet the needs, or contribute to the comfort or con-
venience ofthe passengers. In addition to private suites, staterooms and cabins
and the 35 public rooms, the extensive service and recreational facilities
provided include theatre, cinemas, shopping centre, gymnasia, nurseries, bank,
hospital, Turkish bath, swimming pool, travellers’ bureau and garage.
Decoration
The most striking visible application of nickel is undoubtedly in the
decorative setting in which these services and amenities are enjoyed, where
the decor, combining, in a modern restrained style, dignity with architectural
lightness, attains standards in artistic expression and execution fully in
keeping with the achievements in naval architecture and marine engineering
in other departments of the ship.
In the following paragraphs an attempt will be made to outline the role
played by nickel-containing materials in decorative construction.This is also
illustrated in the photographs reproduced, showing views of some of the
public rooms, passenger-space, and decorative details.
As in her sister ship Queen Mary, the white nickel-copper-zinc alloys
(better known as nickel silver or “silver bronze”) have been very extensively
used in the various decorative schemes
adopted throughout the passenger ac-
commodation of the Queen Elizabeth.
This is quite in accordance with modern
ar Galtoiga ; practice in architectural decorative work,
di both afloat and ashore, as the pleasing
è silver-white finish obtainable in both cast
= and varied wrought forms of nickel silver,
[20]
RIGHT: A decorative
panel in one of the
private dining rooms.
The panel, designed by
Jan Juta, has been
metallised with nickel,
phosphor bronze and
stainless steel.
RIGHT: Sanitary fit-
tings of Shanks's “Aco-
mite” (20 per cent.
nickel silver) are used
throughout the ship.
This view of one of the
bathrooms illus
‘ates
the range of fittings in-
volved. The bath rim
beadingand metalstrips
over the wall panelling
joints are of
brite corrosion-resist-
ing steel.
By courtesy of Shanks
> Co. Ltd.
LEFT: A decorative motif, one of a set
of nine in the Cabin Class Smoking
Room symbolising various materials
used in the construction of the ship.
The one illustrated is of 20 per cent.
nickel silver. Sculptor - Norman J.
Forrest.
RIGHT: À corner of the
First. Class Cocktail
Lounge showing the
nickel silver balustrad-
ing, door and window
framing, door furniture
and clock rim.
BELOW: Two types of
ceiling light executed
in nickel silver.
LEFT: First Class Cock-
tail Lounge in which
nickel silver is used for
the decorative balustra-
ding. bar fittings. metal
trim of bar and beading
to columns. The hand-
rail round the front is
of cupro-nickel.
By courtesy of Trollope
& Sons (London) Ltd.
in association with the very desirable characteristic of ease of maintenance
even in marine atmospheres, ensures a strong position for these alloys in
modern decorative materials.
In the Queen Elizabeth full use has been made of the aesthetic appeal
created by blending the soft silver “satin” or “matte” finishes obtainable on
nickel silver with the rich variegated colourings of Empire woods, tapestries,
coloured leathers, plastics and glass. At the same time this alloy has the
advantage of ability to withstand the service demands of arduous usage on
such details as door furniture, kicking plates, luggage strip in halls and
passageways, and handrails and balustrades on staircases. The extensive
decorative use of nickel silver is probably best illustrated by reference to the
various views given of passenger accommodation, including as it does,
decorative beadings and mouldings, window-frames, metalwork of lighting
fittings, jardinieres, columns, screens and panels, clock-faces, frames for
decorative features and mirrors, ventilation and ornamental plaques, bureau-
grilles, shop fronts and numerous minor furnishings, such as fittings of writ-
ing-tables and theatre seat- and door-furnishings.
In certain of the public rooms and passenger spaces the extensive decora-
tive metalwork is entirely in nickel silver. Views of some of these, the First-
class Main Staircase, Hall and Entrances, First-class Smoke Room, Cabin
Main Lounge and Dining Room, are given. Reference, for example, to the
view of the Cabin Main Lounge will indicate how extensively is the metalwork
used for such items as wall and ceiling lighting fittings, air-conditioning
extract plaques in ceiling, collars at top and bottom ofcolumns, panel beading,
balustrading to platform, coupled columns and jardinieres, false windows,
window-frames and sliding sashes, map-feature framing, writing-table
fittings, clock-cases, door-furniture, etc.
In addition to the decorative application, nickel has played a varied and
important part in the equipment and installations contributing to passenger
service, comfort and entertainment. Certain of the more important of these
applications have been referred to in the sections of this publication dealing
with electrical installations and catering equipment. It is, however, obviously
impossible to detail all the varied requirements which have been met by
nickel-containing alloys for small detail components throughout the
extensive services provided. They range from the high electrical, heat
and scaling resistance of the 80/20 nickel-
chromium wire constituting the heating ele-
ments of the modern convection-type Ther-
movent cabin heating installations, to the
special physical, electrical and chemical pro-
perties of the many nickel alloy components
in bedside telephone installations, steward-
call system and radio broadcasting system
throughout the passenger accommodation.
[23]
Special Decorative Effects
Among the many works of art and special decorative effects contributed by
artists of international repute, the series of nine bas reliefs designed by
Norman Forrest and located in the Cabin Smoke Room calls for particular
reference. These illustrate the materials used in the construction of the ship,
and the media used include steel, copper, nickel silver, bronze, aluminium,
lead, wood, rubber and glass. Each panel embodies a motif illustrating the
origin and use of the material used, and an impression of the excellence of
artistry and technique involved is given in the photographic reproduction of
the panel in this series depicting white metal.
Of particular interest, also, are the several examples of the modern
technique of decorative metallising or metal spraying through stencils. In
this work, sprayed metal is the medium of expression, the varied colours de-
sired being obtained by selection of suitable metals, such as nickel, copper,
Monel, phosphor bronze and stainless steel. It will be appreciated that only
those metals having artistically pleasing appearance, permanence of colour and
lustre, and freedom from corrosion in marine atmospheres, are acceptable. It
is significant that in the excellent example of this technique—the Monkey
Panel in the After Dining Room (port)—executed by J. Starkie Gardner Ltd.,
sprayed nickel is used in contrast with sprayed phosphor bronze and stainless
steel on a background panel of nickel silver.
Further examples of this craft, also by J. Starkie Gardner Ltd., are the
decorative metallised panels of various design on “A”, “B”, “R” and Main
Decks, in which sprayed nickel and nickel silver contrast with sprayed phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze background, and the decorative panels between
pillars in the First-Class Restaurant. Here again, sprayed nickel, in combina-
tion with phosphor bronze and stainless steel, is employed to convey the
artistic expression desired. Decorative nickel spraying has also been used as a
finish to the supporting columns in the Cabin Cocktail Bar.
Service Experience
The splendid war services of Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary are too well
known to require recapitulation here. It is of interest, and appropriate in this
section, to refer to the service experience with those nickel silver fittings
which remained in these ships during their service as troop carriers. We are
indebted to Delta Metal Co. Ltd. for permission to reproduce the following
extract from a report prepared on the metal-
work of these ships as a preliminary to
la rig Ù. refitting:
You will, I am sure, be gratified to hear
that Delta No. 2 Silver Bronze has stood up
very well to the exceptionally hard testing
time of the war years where 15,000 troops
[24]
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
LEFT: Part of the
Cabin Class Kitchen,
showing a steam-heated
hotpress in Staybrite
corrosion-resisting
steel, with Bainmarie
tanks of Monel.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
RIGHT: Coffee making
machines of Monel.
By courtesy of W. M.
Still & Sons Ltd.
Steam kitchen
showingsteam-jacketed
stock pots on the right
with nickel inner bodies
and covers, Staybrite
covered tables in the
centre and steam-jack-
eted vegetable boilers
on the left with nickel
linings, covers. and
vegetable baskets.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
have been carried nearly every trip, so that every cabin has been used as was
never intended. In spite of this, doors and windows being opened and closed
goodness knows how many times, baggage of all sorts and conditions being
banged against the Delta No. 2 Silver Bronze door joints, and feet shod
in army boots kicking against them—the metal today îs as good as when it
was put in, and will only have to be cleaned “in situ”, and this applies
equally to the “Queen Elizabeth” so far as this vessel was fitted out.
Sanitary Fittings
The sanitary installation is of considerable technical interest, in that it
embodies the latest and best plumbing practice as used in many modern hotels
and public buildings of Europe and America. The system is based on the
“one pipe” system originally evolved for the owners in conjunction with the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for the Queen Mary, and
it has been fully proved during the passenger and war service of this ship.
This is no place to discuss the many and varied problems involved or the
manner in which each was solved, but some idea of the complexity of the
system can be readily appreciated by examination of the lavish provision of
toilet facilities, which is one of the main features of the passenger accom-
modation. Practically all first- and cabin-class staterooms and cabins have
private bathrooms or toilets attached, and these contain sanitary equipment
and fittings of the most up-to-date type and design, including plunge and
shower baths for hot or cold, fresh or salt water, wash basins and W.C.s.
Generous provision of these facilities is also a feature of the tourist accom-
modation. It is of interest that, in accordance with the modern conception of
sanitary installations, 20 per cent. nickel silver was used throughout for all
exposed metalwork of the system, including fittings for showers, bath sup-
plies, wastes, lavatories, plug chains, towel-rails and wall flanges. The suit-
ability and economy of nickel silver for such services has been established by
extensive experience and is based upon consideration of decorative appeal and
ability to harmonise with the many and varied multi-coloured decorative
bathroom schemes. Ease of cleaning, combined with solid whiteness through-
out, thereby eliminating any danger of removal of protective coatings by
abrasive or chemical cleaning agents, coupled with resistance to corrosion by
humid or marine atmospheres are further practical considerations enhancing
the attraction of this material for bathroom- and toilet-fittings.
In association with these properties, the
availability of nickel silver either as castings
or in such wrought forms as bar, sheet,
springs, tubing or varied sections, wire and
assembly details, such as nuts and bolts,
enhances its suitability as a material for all
sanitary purposes.
[27]
The extensive use of Staybrite corrosion-resisting steel strip drawn on
brass and wood cores over the joints in the bathroom panelling also deserves
reference.
__
V. CATERING EQUIPMENT
The spacious planning and lavish equipment of the catering department
of the Queen Elizabeth clearly demonstrates the owners” appreciation that the
impressions of their voyage retained by transatlantic travellers are strongly
influenced by the cuisine provided. To maintain the acknowledged high
reputation which the company has established in this sphere and to provide
some ten thousand meals daily, the planning and equipping of the kitchens
and complementary service have been based on skilful combination of
catering experience with the provision of the most up-to-date food handling
and cooking equipment.
In the manufacture of this equipment, extensive use has naturally been
made of the modern culinary materials nickel, Monel and corrosion-resisting
steel. These materials have long been established in the food handling and
processing industries by reason of their ability to meet the exacting require-
ments of resistance to chemical attack by food, ease of cleaning, pleasing
appearance, long life and ability to withstand service usage.
‘Staybrite” corrosion-resisting steel has been particularly widely used, and
all sinks, table and dresser tops, and general trim of cooking ranges, ovens, hot
presses, cupboards and dish-washing machines have been executed in this
material, bright and dull polish finishes being used to provide an effective con-
trast. In actual contact with foodstuffs and beverages, nickel and Monel have
mainly been used and nickel-chromium resistance alloy has been universally
adopted in the Wilson-B.T.H. Torribar electrical heating elements fitted to
ranges, ovens, hot plates, water and coffee boilers. Use has also been made of
nickel steels and nickel cast irons for the refrigerating equipment, while table
ware and cutlery are almost all in heavily silver-plated nickel silver.
It is obviously impracticable in a publication of this nature to refer to all
the detailed applications of these materials throughout the complex kitchen
installation of a liner equipped on the scale of the Queen Elizabeth. Accord-
ingly reference will be confined to typical applications in some of the main
items of equipment as detailed below.
Main Cooking Utensils
AIl the main cooking utensils used are of solid nickel plated on the outside
with copper to improve heat conductivity.
Vegetable Boilers
The steam-jacketed vegetable boilers have linings and covers of polished
nickel, with perforated pure nickel baskets to hold the vegetables.
[28]
Stock Pots
Three of the stock pots, of American manufacture installed during the
war, are manufactured in corrosion-resisting steel. The remaining twenty
steam-jacketed stock pots are nickel-lined and are fitted with polished nickel
covers.
Bainmarie Tanks
The bainmarie tanks for use with the hot presses are constructed in
Monel: those used in conjunction with the electric ranges are in corrosion-
resisting steels. For both the tureens used are of nickel.
Fish Fryers
The fish fryers have corrosion-resisting steel fat pans and drainers with
pure nickel wire baskets.
Water Boilers, Coffee and Milk Urns
AII the many water boilers, coffee and milk urns distributed throughout the
various kitchens and service pantries are in Monel, and Monel is similarly
used in the various sets of coffee-making apparatus installed in the main
kitchens.
Torribar Heating Elements
These electrical resistance heating units, which are of particularly robust
construction as befits their heavy and constant service duty, consist of a helix
of 80/20 nickel-chromium resistance wire inside, but insulated from, a
corrosion-resisting steel tube. Leads and terminals are of nickel. For hot-plate
applications these elements are cast integrally with the iron plates, while in the
ovens they are supported by stainless steel racks on either side of the cooking
space.
Refrigerating Equipment
The main carbon dioxide refrigerato compressor is fitted with 34 per cent.
nickel steel compressor rods to meet the service requirements of moderately
high tensile strength with maximum toughness and ability to take and main-
tain a high-polished surface. In the subsidiary Freon and methyl chloride com-
pressors, cylinder blocks, cylinder head and crank cases are in 1‘5 per cent.
nickel cast iron to ensure pressure-tightness and wear-resistance combined
with good machinability.
Table Ware and Cutlery
Practically all the table-ware, hollow-ware and cutlery, much of which is
specially designed for use on the ship, is in heavily silver-plated nickel silver,
mainly of the 15 per cent. nickel variety. Some idea of the extent of the use
of this material can be judged by the fact that, excluding spoons and forks,
items such as teapots, salvers, vegetable dishes, entrée dishes and cruets
number around 21,600.
[29]
LEFT & ABOVE: General
views of kitchens show-
ing solid nickel cooking
utensils and ver
ex
tensive use of Staybrite
corrosion-resisting steel
for tables and dressers,
range tops, handrails,
sinks and general trim.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
nicut: Viewof charcoal
grill showing extensive
use of Staybrite cor-
rosion-resisting steel.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
One of the
dish-washing machines
sheathed in Staybrite
corrosion-resisting
steel.
By courtesy of Dawson
TOS.
rien: A large number
of Monel boilers are
used throughout the
ship for heating water,
milk, ete.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
dumb waiter in
one of the Dining
Rooms in which Monel
is used for the hot cup-
board and hotplate
surround.
By courtesy of H. H.
Martyn Ltd.
ricut: A fish fryer in
one of the kitchens.
fitted with. stainless
steel pans and drainers
and nickel wire baskets.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In compiling this publication we have to acknowledge with gratitude the assis-
tance which we have had from Cunard White Star Ltd., and from the builders,
John Brown & Co. Ltd.
We have to thank also Mr. G. Grey Wornum, F.R.I.B.A., the architect for the
Public Rooms, and the following sub-contractors who have supplied us with
information and photographs:
Accles & Pollock Ltd.
Associated British Oil Engines Ltd.
Bath Cabinet Makers & Artcraft Ltd.
British Thomson Houston Co. Ltd.
Brookhirst Switchgear Ltd.
David Brown & Sons (Huddersfield)
Ltd.
Clarke Chapman & Co. Ltd.
Cockburns Ltd.
E. K. Cole Ltd.
Comyn Ching & Co. Ltd.
Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd., The
Crompton Parkinson Ltd.
Cronite Foundry Co. Ltd.
Cox & Company Ltd.
Dawson Bros. Ltd.
Delta Metal Co. Ltd., The
Drysdale & Co. Ltd.
Elkington & Co. Ltd.
Falk Stadelman & Co. Ltd.
Thomas Firth and John Brown Ltd.
Firth Vickers Stainless Steels Ltd.
Norman Forrest
J. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
General Electric Co. Ltd.
J. & E. Hall Ltd.
C. Harvey & Co.
Henry Hughes & Son Ltd.
International Marine Radio Co. Ltd.
Keighley Gear Co.
Maple & Co.
H. H. Martyn & Co. Ltd.
A. H. McIntosh & Co. Ltd.
McKechnie Brothers Ltd.
Thomas Mercer Ltd.
Merseyside Metal Sprayers Ltd.
Nife Batteries Ltd.
F. & C. Osler Ltd.
George Parnall & Co.
C. P. Parry Ltd.
G. T. Rackstraw Ltd.
Shanks & Co. Ltd.
Siemens Brothers & Co. Ltd.
Sperry Gyroscope Co. Ltd., The
W. M. Still & Sons Ltd.
Stothert & Pitt Ltd.
Samuel Taylor & Sons (Brierley Hill)
Ltd.
John I. Thornycroft & Co. Ltd.
Frederick Tibbenham Ltd.
Trollope & Sons
Troughton & Young Lighting Ltd.
Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co.
Ltd.
Waring & Gillow (1932) Ltd.
G. &J. Weir Ltd.
Allen West & Co. Ltd.
Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd.
Henry Wilson & Co. Ltd.
Worcester Brass Co. Ltd., The
Attention is drawn to the fact that many of the names of materials and equipment
mentioned in this publication are registered trade marks.
THE CUNARD WHITE STAR LINER
R.M.S. “QUEEN ELIZABETH”
Builders John Brown & Co. Ltd., Clydebank
Contract signed October 6th, 1936
Keel laid December, 1936
Launched September 27th, 1938, by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
Maiden voyage March 2nd, 1940
First passenger sailing October 16th, 1946
Service Southampton-New York
Dimensions and Figures
Gross tonnage 83,673
Length 1,931 ft.
Width 118»
Length of promenade deck 724 »
Height of keel to superstructure 135%
No. of decks 14
No. of public rooms 35
No. of passengers: First Class 822
Cabin 668
Tourist 798
Total 2,288
No. of meals served per day 10,000
War Service
Miles steamed on war service 492,635
Service personnel carried 811,324
No. of meals served 22,015,764
Propelling Machinery
Type: Quadruple screw Parsons’ reaction single reduction geared turbines.
Number of turbines in each set—Four. H.P. Ist I.P., and IP. and'L.P.
Total shaft horsepower over 160,000.
Boiler Equipment
Type of boiler Yarrow side-fired oil fuel
No. of boiler rooms Four
No. of boilers Twelve
Designed working pressure 425 Ib. per sq. în.
Final steam temperature 750° F.
Generating Sets
Four sets 2,200 kw. 225 volt. B.T.H. geared turbo-dynamos
Total output 8,800 kw.
Speed of turbines 4,500 r.p.m.
Speed of generators 600 r.p.m.
Steam pressure 390 Ib. per sq. in.
Steam temperature 730° F.
134
PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY SIMSON SHAND LTD., LONDON AND HERTFORD. 4703.
- extracted text
-
Nickel in
R.M.S. QUEEN ELIZABETH"
} SR i
- 2%)
THE MOND NICKEL COMPANY L®
; . li A
Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London,WI.
Nickel in
R.M.S. “Queen Elizabeth”
CONTENTS
(I) PROPELLING MACHINERY AND AUXILIARIES page 3
(II) ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 9
(um) NAVIGATIONAL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT 13
(IV) PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION 20
(v) CATERING EQUIPMENT 28
Nickel silver plays a prominent part
in the decoration of the Cabin Class
Lounge, a corner of which is shown on
the left. The lighting fittings, beading
to the glass screen and the metalwork
of the balustrading are of nickel silver.
BELOW: A view of one of the deck en-
trances. The panel between the lift
doors is spra
ed with nickel and phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze back-
ground. Handrails, balustrades, stair-
case trim, beading around doors, strip
lighting fittings and ventilation grilles
are of nickel silver.
By courtesy of George Parnall & Co.
Ltd. (Decorative spraved panel designed
by Fan Futa and executed by 7. Starkie
Gardner Ltd.)
Nickel in
R.M.S. “Queen Elizabeth”
The Queen Elizabeth, sister ship to the Queen Mary, has been designed and
built in accordance with the announced policy of the Cunard White Star
Company to provide passenger transport of maximum comfort and con-
venience to a rigid weekly schedule between Southampton and New York.
Her size, power, extensive equipment and services testify the length to which
her owners have gone to implement this policy.
While her design, constructional details and propelling machinery follow,
generally, the marine engineering practice established by the Queen Mary's
construction, she embodies refinements, derived from continued research
and service experience, which establish her as an outstanding achievement in
marine engineering of modern times.
Inthe fields of decorative and architectural art she attains new high
standards of modern treatment fully in keeping with the excellence of the
hotel services, passenger accommodation and recreational facilities to which
they are the setting.
In her construction advantage was taken of the most up-to-date established
advances in all constructional fields of art and science. In this publication an
attempt is made to show the part played by nickel in these fields as repre-
sented by the uses made of nickel and alloys containing nickel in the various
departments of the ship.
I. PROPELLING MACHINERY AND AUXILIARIES
In the main propelling machinery and auxiliaries, many of the varied
properties provided by nickel-containing materials have been utilised.
Structural strength, toughness, heat-, corrosion- and erosion-resistance and
bearing qualities have all been provided, and it is interesting to note the
variety of functions which these nickel-containing materials fulfil as the
thermal energy of the fuel is converted to diverse other forms of energy in the
main propelling and auxiliary equipment.
In order to ensure that, despite the vagaries of the North Atlantic weather,
the Queen Elizabeth might maintain the close schedule desired, and arrive at
[3]
terminal ports at stated times, it was found that a shaft horse-power of over
160,000 would be required. This is developed in four sets of Parsons” quad-
ruple-expansion single-reduction geared turbines, each set directly connected
by line shafting to a propeller. The steam for these turbines and the auxiliary
generating sets is provided by twelve Yarrow-type, side-fired, oil-burning
boilers, working at a pressure of 425 Ib. per square inch and a final steam
temperature of 750° F. For many of the applications required throughout all
this equipment, from the pumps feeding fuel oil and water to the boilers to the
pinions driving the propeller shafts, nickel-containing alloys have been used.
Oil-Burning Installation
The oil-burning equipment is of the Wallsend-Howden pressure system.
The oil is pumped by eight Stothert and Pitt pumps, each capable ofan output
of 20,000 Ib. of fuel oil per hour. Each pump is driven by a 12 h.p. Laurence
Scott motor running at speeds varying from 1,500-750 r.p.m. through a high-
efficiency worm reduction gear, which reduces this speed to 270 r.p.m. To
withstand the heavy loads imposed upon them, these worm gears are made
from a 3 per cent. nickel case-hardened steel, advantage being taken of the
superior properties of core strength and toughness, without loss of case hard-
ness or wearing properties, which result from additions of nickel to the
normal case-hardening carbon steel. Air for combustion is directed by air
director vanes which, since they must withstand intense radiated heat, have
been made of a heat-resisting steel containing high percentages of nickel and
chromium.
Feed Pumps
The feed water is pumped through the I.P. and H.P. pre-heaters to the
feed regulators and boilers by means of Weir multi-stage turbine-driven
centrifugal pumps. There are eight of these pumps, four working and four
stand-by, fed with steam at 400 Ib. per square inch pressure and superheated
to 700° F. Many important components of both turbines and pumps are in
nickel-containing alloys. Monel, a 70/30 nickel-copper corrosion- and erosion-
resisting alloy, has been used in the pump turbines for the steam stop-valve
seats, throttle valves, pressure-governing piston and steam strainers, while the
turbine blading is manufactured in nickel-chromium heat- and corrosion-
resisting steel containing 16 per cent. of chromium and 10 per cent. of nickel.
In accordance with established engineering practice for components requiring
high strength and toughness without sacrifice of ductility, combined with
superior resistance to alternating stresses, the turbine shaft is in 34 per cent.
nickel-chromium steel heat-treated to a tensile strength of 58-68 tons per
square inch. The pump itself is of the ring section type, and the impellers
and diffusers are of Monel.
The admission of feed water from the pump and pre-heaters to the boilers
is controlled by Weir “Robot” type regulators of which there are twenty-four.
[4]
These regulators, in which the wearing liners and all parts subject to erosion
are of nickel-bearing corrosion-resisting steel, are float operated and utilise
Monel ball floats. Float liners and needle valves are in high tensile corrosion-
resisting steel containing about 18 per cent. chromium and 2 per cent. nickel,
and main valve seats in austenitic corrosion-resisting steel containing 18 per
cent. chromium and 8 per cent. nickel. The main valve and main feed check
valves are in a 35-40 per cent. nickel bronze.
The boilers are also fitted with Weir low level and oil fuel control gear
arranged to close the fuel supply to the burners when the water level reaches
a pre-determined low level. The floats in these are of Monel, and all wearing
parts are in 18 per cent. chromium, 2 per cent. nickel corrosion-resisting steel.
This steel combines with a high degree of corrosion-resistance the ability to
be hardened and tempered to high levels of tensile strength, hardness and
wear-resistance.
Steam Lines and Valves
As mentioned above, the boilers generate steam at a pressure of 425 lb. per
square inch and a final temperature of 750° F. This superheated steam is car-
ried to the turbines and auxiliaries in pipes bolted together with high-tensile
nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel bolts, and it is controlled at the boiler
and various other positions in the steam pipe lines by valves, components of
whichare in corrosion-resisting steels and nickel bronze of compositions varied
according to the severity of the service conditions to which they are exposed.
The spring-loaded safety valves, bulkhead emergency valves and cross-
connection valves were designed and made by Cockburns Ltd., and the in-
ternal components of the boiler stop valves and manoeuvring valves were also
designed and made by this firm.
There are in all fifty-six spring-loaded safety valves. Of these the twelve
triple safety valves on the superheaters and the twelve single safety valves on
the saturated steam drums have lids and seats in 33 per cent. nickel bronze,
and spindles of corrosion-resisting steel. The remainder, four double safety
valves, are fitted to the auxiliary steam boilers, and, not being subjected to
such severe conditions, have seats and lids of a nickel bronze with a lower
nickel content.
The twelve boiler stop valves, six bulkhead emergency valves and two
cross-connection valves, also the eight manoeuvring valves which distribute
steam to the turbines, have spindles of corrosion-resisting steel, valve seats of
corrosion-resisting steel or 33 per cent. nickel bronze and other internal
components of these materials or of Monel.
Monel and bronzes containing a high percentage of nickel are favoured by
manufacturers in view of their excellent resistance to corrosion and erosion by
water and steam. Furthermore, such alloys retain a large measure of their
normal strength and hardness at steam temperatures.
lis)
Turbines
Each of the four propelling units consists of a H.P., rst and 2nd I.P. and
L.P. turbine, each turbine driving a separate pinion engaging with the main
gear wheel which is in turn coupled to the forward end of the propeller
shafting. In these turbines, full use is made of the high-strength corrosion-
resisting alloy steels. The nozzle partition plates ofthe H.P. and L.P. astern
turbines were manufactured in Staybrite corrosion- and heat-resisting steel,
containing 18 per cent. chromium and 8 per cent. nickel. The gear pinions
driven by all these turbines were forged from 3} per cent. nickel steel.
Condensing System
The four main turbine units on the Queen Elizabeth with the various
auxiliaries are arranged to operate on the Weir closed circuit feed system.
In this system no opportunity is presented for the feed water to come into
contact with the atmosphere. The complete system comprises the feed pumps,
feed heaters and feed control valves mentioned above, Weir regenerative
condensers, motor-driven extraction pumps, air ejectors and drain coolers.
Each set of the main turbine propelling units is served by a Weir regenera-
tive-type condenser. The condensers were built by John Brown & Co. Ltd.,
and the condenser tubes, as in the Queen Mary, are of solid drawn 70/30
cupro-nickel. There are 13,780 tubes in each condenser, and the total weight
of tubes and ferrules in the main condensers is approximately 162 tons.
The condensate is extracted from the well of the condensers by Weir Lo-
Hed electrically driven two-stage centrifugal pumps, eight in number—four
working and four stand-by. The motors are of 45 to 55 b.h.p., with a speed
range of 850 to 1,250 r.p.m. The pump impellers are of cast Monel, with
spindles of the 18 per cent. chromium, 2 per cent. nickel type corrosion-
resisting steel, advantage being taken of the high strength and excellent
bearing properties of this steel, combined with marked resistance to galvanic
corrosion when in contact with dissimilar metals.
Two sets of Weir three-stage steam-jet air ejectors evacuate the air and
non-condensable gases from each condenser. The steam nozzles for each
stage are of Monel and are supplied with steam at 250 Ib. per square inch and
650° F. The cooler tubes are of 70/30 copper-nickel alloy. The condensate
from each of the condensers passes through a drain cooler receiving the drains
from a L.P. feed heater. The cooling surface of these drain coolers consists of
solid drawn cupro-nickel tubes. From the
drain coolers the condensate passes to the
L.P. feed heaters of a straight tube type, which
are on the suction side of the feed pumps. The
heat-transfer tubes in the L.P., I.P. and H.P.
feed heaters are also in 70/30 cupro-nickel
tubing.
[6]
A three-stage air ejector in which the steam nozzles and
Condenser extraction pump fitted strainers are of Monel, and the cooler tubes of 70/30
with Monel impellers. cupro-nickel.
By courtesy of G. & J. Weir Ltd. By courtesy of G. & J. Weir Ltd.
A turbo-feed pump with Monel valve
parts, steam strainers, impellers and
diflu
nickel-chromium, corrosion-resisting
steel and the shaft of nickel-chromium
The turbine blading is of
steel.
By courtesy of G. & 7. Weir Lid.
RIGHT: One of the sixteen-inch bulk-
head valves equipped with nickel-
bronze valve parts.
By courtesy of Cockburns Ltd.
aBovE: Weir Robot boiler feed regula-
tor controlling the admission of feed
water to the boilers. The float is of
Monel. and the float levers, needle
valves and seats of nickel-chromium
corrosion-resisting steel.
By courtesy of G. & F. Weir Ltd.
LEFT: The worms in the fuel transfer
and trim pumps are of 3 per cent.
nickel case-hardened steel.
By courtesy of Stothert & Pitt Ltd.
Miscellaneous Auxiliaries
Further applications of nickel-containing materials are found among the
many important auxiliaries essential for the efficient working of the main
machinery or the well-being of the ship.
Prominent among these are the Parry soot blowers, which keep the sur-
faces of the generating, superheater and air heater tubes clean and efficient.
The nozzles of these blowers, ofwhich there are 168, have to withstand the high
temperatures and erosion of steam and have been made in a heat-resisting
steel containing 25 per cent. chromium and 20 per cent. nickel. This steel is
also used for the wall box ends in the blowers and for the small nozzles
screwed into the nozzle pipes of the air heater blowers.
Also of importance are the superheater tube spacer supports and attach-
ment bolts. For these a heat-resisting nickel-chromium-iron alloy containing
approximately 55 per cent. of nickel has been used, the high nickel content in
combination with chromium ensuring adequate strength at the high service
temperatures, with resistance to the hot and highly oxidising furnace gases
with which they are in contact.
Other important auxiliaries are the ‘“Centrex” self-priming type bilge and
ballast pumps built by Drysdale & Co. Ltd., which incorporate Monel
impellers and 37 per cent. nickel-bronze bearing rings, and the condenser
cooling water and lubricating oil pumps, which embody Monel and nickel
alloy steel components.
II. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
With the exception of the main propelling machinery, the turbo-driven
feed pumps and some uses of steam heating for cooking, the Queen Elizabeth
is virtually an all-electric ship. AIl other propelling machinery auxiliaries,
steering gear, deck machinery, anchoring and mooring equipment are
electrically operated, as are the hotel and allied services, such as the ventilating
system, cooking ranges, dumb waiters and passenger and service lifts.
Throughout all these services nickel and alloys containing nickel have been
extensively used. Their widely varied applications are too numerous to detail
here; the following remarks will therefore be confined primarily to the more
prominent uses of nickel-containing materials in the electrical equipment.
The electrical power for all these services is
supplied by four B.T.H. turbo-generators,
each having a normal rating of 2,200 kw. at
225 volts, giving a total output of 8,800 kw.,
sufficient to supply the total electrical demands
of a small town.
[9]
The use of nickel in the generator turbines follows closely on the lines
described earlier for the main turbines of the propelling machinery. Thus, the
spindles of the high-pressure and turbine stop valves, controlling steam sup-
plied at 390 Ib. per sq. in. and 730° F., are of high-tensile corrosion-resistant
steel, containing 18 per cent. chromium with 2 per cent. nickel. The oil-cooling
tubes, condenser tubes and ferrules are in 70/30 cupro-nickel alloy, and the
pinions and pinion shafts of the reduction gear are in nickel-alloy steel. The
first-stage blading is in “Stayblade”, a heat-resisting chromium-nickel steel of
the 18 per cent. chromium, 8 per cent. nickel type. An interesting use of nickel
and nickel-bronze, not previously referred to, is for the prevention of steam
leakage. In order to ensure maximum operating efficiency and to ensure steam
“tightness”, the turbine shaft glands and diaphragm packings are in nickel-
bronze and the high-pressure joint rings are of corrugated nickel. The selection
of these materials is based on their good erosion- and corrosion-resistance
against super-heated steam.
The generators themselves are fitted, in all, with eight straight-line pattern
shunt field regulators, manufactured by the Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
The resistance elements in these regulators are made from “Ferry” resist
ance tape. “Ferry”, a nickel-copper alloy containing approximately 44 per
cent. nickel, has the highest specific resistance of the alloys in the nickel-
copper series, an extremely low temperature coefficient of electrical resist-
ance, and is particularly resistant to the action of marine atmospheres, proper-
ties which make it particularly suitable for use in marine electrical applications.
The major part of the energy generated is used in providing power for
hotel services and auxiliary machinery described elsewhere in this publica-
tion. The extent of the use of electric motors is illustrated by the fact that
there are over 650 of them, varying in size from } to over 300 h.p., with a total
of over 19,000 h.p. Over 500 of the control units for these motors, which
include every type of D.C. starter, were made by Allen West & Co. Ltd., and
“Ferry” was again used for all resistances. A corrosion-resisting steel con-
taining 8 per cent. of nickel was used for bearing pins in the automatic con-
tactor units and other items, it being essential that these components be free
from corrosion and free-moving under all conditions.
The network of communications in the ship is an electrical system, com-
plete in itself but requiring only small power for its operation despite its
importance. A comprehensive system of communication is obviously essential
for the efficient working of the ship, conveni-
ence of passengers, and safety in emergencies.
Each of these requirements is adequately
catered for in the Queen Elizabeth. This may
be instanced by the telephone system installed
by the General Electric Co. Ltd., the ex-
tensive engine-room telegraphs by Siemens
Brothers & Co. Ltd., and the radio equipment
[10]
riGHT: The back of the motor
control switehboard for the
steering gear drive showing the
banks of resistances and tubular
resistances, all of which are
wound with È
alloy. The
for the main
y, nickel-copper
arting resis
50 h.p. motors are
mounted away from the switch-
board and are of the unbreak-
ances
able grid type with grids of
nickel-copper alloy sheet.
By couriesv of Brookhirst Switch-
gear Lid.
Bove: In this large hand
operated control, the bear-
ing pins of the contactor
and mechanism are of
mickel-chromium | corro-
sion resisting steel, and the
resistance units (only the
framework of which is
shown in this view) are
wound with Ferry.
By courtesy of Allen West
& Co. Ltd.
BELOW: Power is generated by four B.T.H. turbo-ge
which utilise a number of nickel alloys. H.P. and turbine stop-
valve spindles are of nickel-chromium corrosion-re
ing steel,
30 cupro-
of the reduction gear of nickel
vil-cooling tubes, condenser tubes and ferrules of 70:
nickel, pinions and pinion shafts
alloy steel, corrugated joint rings of nickel, and shaft glands and
diaphragm packings of nickel-bronze. The first-stage blading is
of
steel.
tayblade” heat- and corrosion-resisting nickel-chromium
By courtesy of British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.
RIGHT: Some examples of the use of nickel alloys in
the lifeboat engines. The reverse gear expanding
member in the elutch assembly is of 2 per cent. nickel
cast iron, the crankshaft of 1 per cent. nickel «
the connecting rod and cap of 3} per cent. nickel steel
and the connecting rod bolts of 3 per cent. nickel
steel.
By courtesy of Fohn I. Thornycroft & Co. Ltd.
L
: These 3 per cent. nickel
steel pinions are part of the
mechanism operating the life-
boat davits.
By courtesy of Keighley Gear
Co.
apove: One of the magnetostriction oscillators
used in the “Hughes Recording Echo Sounder”
and a stack of the thin nickel stampings from which
these oscillators are constructed.
By courtesy of Henry Hughes & Son Lid.
The Sperry Gyroscope Mark XIV Master
Compass, employs nickel alloys for a number of com-
ponents (see page 14).
By courtesy of Sperry Gyroscope Co. Ltd.
LE
by the International Marine Radio Co. Ltd. These are only three of the many
and complex systems provided, all of which utilise nickel-containing alloys,
including nickel-copper resistance alloys, nickel alloy magnets and nickel-
copper-zinc electrical contacts.
In the telephone system there are 500 telephones and 585 lines, with an
appropriately large switchboard. First-class passengers are provided with a
telephone at their bedside, by which they can be linked to any ship or shore
station. Throughout this system nickel silver containing 18 per cent. nickel
has been used for the contact springs. The same alloy has been used for the
contact springs in the engine-room telegraphs. The nickel silver selected for
this purpose possesses corrosion-resistance, excellent spring qualities and
low contact resistance. This latter property is particularly important where
nickel silver to nickel silver contact is used without intermediary contact
points of special metals.
The wireless equipment is of the latest type, including the radio-telephone
system referred to above, the radar installations, and other equipment used
for navigation or communication. In this equipment, among the nickel-
containing materials used are nickel silver for contact springs and nickel wire,
mesh or foil for valve components. Nickel plating is used to protect com-
ponents against corrosion.
A complete list of the uses of nickel and alloys of nickel in the electrical
and communication equipment would be as lengthy as a list of the circuits
themselves, but the few examples given above will illustrate the extent and
nature of the use of such materials.
III. NAVIGATIONAL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The advances in design and technique, indicated elsewhere in this publica-
tion, which have been incorporated in the machinery and hotel services of the
Queen Elizabeth have not outstripped the improvements and additions made
to the navigational and safety equipment. Radar, wireless direction-finding,
depth-sounding, standard compass, sextant, chronometer, lifeboats, emer-
gency generators, etc., all assist in ensuring that the Atlantic crossing is made
in as short a time and as safely as possible.
As in the case of the electrical equipment, the navigational and safety
equipment is so extensive that only a selection of examples of the use of nickel
or nickel-containing alloys can be described and illustrated.
One of the most interesting of the navigational aids is the Gyro Compass
and Gyro Pilot. This consists of two complete Sperry Gyro Compass installa
tions with the usual accessories, including repeaters and course recorder,
[13]
and also a Sperry self-synchronous automatic pilot. Steering by gyroscopic
means, utilising the earth®s rotation as the controlling factor, has introduced
a degree of accuracy which would not have been believed possible in the
early days of ship navigation. The fact that the gyroscopic compass is non-
magnetic in its operation and is not affected by extraneous influences, together
with the fact that by its means steering can be made automatic, has con-
tributed in no small measure to increased safety and efficiency at sea.
In the Sperry Gyro Compass equipment the properties of various nickel
alloys have been used to obtain the maximum possible reliability. Out-
standing instances of this are the use of a high-tensile nickel-chromium-
molybdenum steel shaft for the 55 Ib. rotor, which is the heart of the instru-
ment; of Monel for the bodies of the contactors, which, by means of tungsten
contacts, carry current to certain components in one of the compasses; of
nickel for the anodes in the valves of the follow-up system of the second
compass; and of nickel silver for the speed-corrector scale, the slip rings which
carry current to the rotors and other components, and for the contact rings
of the automatic pilot. AIl bright parts of the equipment are nickel plated.
The automatic pilot and hand-steering gear control the rudder through
hydraulic rams. In the rudder itself, which weighs 140 tons, use has been made
of corrosion-resisting 18 per cent. chromium, 8 per cent. nickel steel bolts
and nuts, while for the rudder pintle bushes the 18 per cent. chromium, 2
per cent. nickel steel is used. The rudder is hydraulically operated, the flow
of oil to the rams being controlled by hydraulically operated valves. The
power for the rams is developed in 285 h.p., and that for the valves in 4 h.p.
electric motors driving hydraulic pumps. The control gear for these motors
was manufactured by Brookhirst Switchgear Ltd. The starting resistances
which are of the unbreakable grid type, mounted away from the switchboard,
are in nickel-copper alloy, and the control resistances on the switchboard
are of “Ferry”, the 44 per cent. nickel-copper resistance alloy.
Another interesting and modern navigational aid, which utilises a magnetic
property of pure nickel, is the Hughes Recording Echo Sounder. This is
fitted in the chart room of the Queen Elizabeth and employs transmitting and
receiving elements of pure nickel. These sound resonators or oscillators are
fitted in tanks welded inside the hull of the vessel near the keel. The trans-
mitter sends out a short pulse of sound waves, which is echoed back from the
ocean bed and picked up by the receiver. The
recording apparatus measures the time taken
for the sound to go down and return, and pre-
sents it as a depth measurement on a slowly
moving band of paper.
‘The method used to produce sound vibrations
in the water, which although highly efficient
[14]
Main Hall on the Promenade Deck showing extensive use of
nickel silver for decorative metalwork. The handrail, balus-
trading and trim to the staircase, the balustrading to the gal-
lery, beadings to the columns and panelling, ceiling lighting
fittings and metal trim to the plant tubs are all of nickel silver.
By courtesy of Bath Cabinet Makers & Artcraft Ltd., and
George Parnall & Co. Ltd.
Clock face in nickel silver.
By courtesy of Thomas Mercer Ltd.
A decorative metallised panel
sprayed with nickel and phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze
background to the design of Jan
Tuta.
By courtesy of $. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
LEFT: À view of the First
Class Main Dining Room. The
decorative metallised panels,
designed by Jan Juta, are of
bronze sprayed with nickel.
phosphor bronze and stain-
less steel.
By courtesy of J. Starkie
Gardner Ltd.
seLOW: Cabin Class Dining
Room. Nickel silver is used
for the lighting fittings, door
furniture, mirror frames,
er
minal collars to columns and
beading to the strip lighting.
The dumb waiter tops and
safety ridges are of Monel
and the splash backs of nickel
silver.
By courtesy of G. T.
Rackstraw Ltd.
By courtesy of British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.
A corner of the First Class Smoke
Room showing nickel silver beading
to the picture frame, columns and
lighting fittings and the nickel silver
window frames and ventilation grilles.
First Class Smoke Room. Use is made of nickel
silver as an enrichment to fine wood panelling
and columns, for air vents, strip lighting fit-
tings and window framing. One of the nickel
silver ceiling lights is shown on the left.
By courtesy of Waring & Gillow (1932) Ltd.
A view of the First Class Cinema and
Theatre with seating accommodation for
some 380 passengers. The supporting
standards for the seating are built up from
solid-drawn rectangular nickel silver tube.
The bracket supports for the underside are
of cast nickel sily
r. The upholstery is
carried out in red fabrie.
By courtesy of 7. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
is remarkably simple, depends on magnetostriction. Magnetostriction is the
property possessed by certain metals of expanding and contracting when
subjected to the influence of a varying magnetic field. Nickel is one of the
best examples of the few metals with this property. Nickel contracts in an
increasing and expands in a decreasing magnetic field.
The magnetostriction oscillators are constructed in the form of hollow
cylinders, built up from thin circular nickel stampings, through which a few
turns of wire are wound to convey the magnetising current. The tanks in
which the oscillators are suspended are kept permanently filled with water,
yet the packs require no attention and no anti-corrosive treatment other than
an initial dipping in insulating varnish.
Despite all the precautions and skill of builders, owners and crew, emer-
gencies may arise and must be allowed for, from a simple electrical failure to
an emergency which necessitates abandoning the ship. The regulations laid
down by the Board of Trade, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, and other respon-
sible bodies governing the safety of passengers and ships, have been more
than fully complied with.
‘The ship has been divided into 140 water-tight compartments, the doors
in the bulkheads directly controllable from the bridge and the entrance to the
turbo-generator room. Indicators have been fitted on the bridge which enable
the Commander to see the position of every door in the ship.
Twenty-six lifeboats are installed, each capable of carrying more passengers
than the original Cunarder Britannia. These lifeboats are motor-driven by
high-speed Thornycroft diesel engines, in which full use has been made of
the strength and reliability of nickel steels. The connecting rods and caps are
in 33 per cent. nickel steel, and the bolts in 3 per cent. nickel steel. The crank-
shafts are in I per cent. nickel steel, and the reverse gear expanding members
in 2 per cent. nickel cast iron. The davit gear, by Samuel Taylor & Sons, which
enables the lowering of the boats to be controlled by one man, employs
certain gears and pinions manufactured in 3 per cent. nickel steel.
Apart from major emergencies necessitating the abandonment of the ship,
provision is made for minor breakdowns, as instanced by the emergency battery
for the low-voltage (25 v.) electrical system supplying power for the call bells
and indicators, intercommunication tele-
phones, electric clocks,etc. The batterywas
supplied by Nife Batteries Ltd., and is of /
the nickel-alkaline type consisting of two
units, each of 120 Ah. and comprising
nineteen cells. These batteries require
noattention whilst notin useand, as there
is noloss of charge when the batteries are
standing idle, there is no upkeep cost.
[19]
Similarly, provision is made in case of failure of the main turbo-generator.
In this case two 75 kw. 220 v. diesel-driven generating sets have been pro-
vided, situated on one of the upper decks. The two diesel engines were sup-
plied by Associated British Oil Engines Ltd. Each has six cylinders and
develops 133 b.h.p. In these engines extensive use has been made of 3 per cent.
nickel steel for such components as camshafîs, intermediate and crankshaft
gears, fuel-pump driving shafts, engine-studs and bolts for cylinder heads,
cylinder casings and connecting rods.
IV. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION
Prominent among the many striking features of the First-class, Cabin and
Tourist accommodation provided, is the sense of spaciousness, combined with
evidence of attention to detail planning to ensure that no service or amenity
is lacking which might meet the needs, or contribute to the comfort or con-
venience ofthe passengers. In addition to private suites, staterooms and cabins
and the 35 public rooms, the extensive service and recreational facilities
provided include theatre, cinemas, shopping centre, gymnasia, nurseries, bank,
hospital, Turkish bath, swimming pool, travellers’ bureau and garage.
Decoration
The most striking visible application of nickel is undoubtedly in the
decorative setting in which these services and amenities are enjoyed, where
the decor, combining, in a modern restrained style, dignity with architectural
lightness, attains standards in artistic expression and execution fully in
keeping with the achievements in naval architecture and marine engineering
in other departments of the ship.
In the following paragraphs an attempt will be made to outline the role
played by nickel-containing materials in decorative construction.This is also
illustrated in the photographs reproduced, showing views of some of the
public rooms, passenger-space, and decorative details.
As in her sister ship Queen Mary, the white nickel-copper-zinc alloys
(better known as nickel silver or “silver bronze”) have been very extensively
used in the various decorative schemes
adopted throughout the passenger ac-
commodation of the Queen Elizabeth.
This is quite in accordance with modern
ar Galtoiga ; practice in architectural decorative work,
di both afloat and ashore, as the pleasing
è silver-white finish obtainable in both cast
= and varied wrought forms of nickel silver,
[20]
RIGHT: A decorative
panel in one of the
private dining rooms.
The panel, designed by
Jan Juta, has been
metallised with nickel,
phosphor bronze and
stainless steel.
RIGHT: Sanitary fit-
tings of Shanks's “Aco-
mite” (20 per cent.
nickel silver) are used
throughout the ship.
This view of one of the
bathrooms illus
‘ates
the range of fittings in-
volved. The bath rim
beadingand metalstrips
over the wall panelling
joints are of
brite corrosion-resist-
ing steel.
By courtesy of Shanks
> Co. Ltd.
LEFT: A decorative motif, one of a set
of nine in the Cabin Class Smoking
Room symbolising various materials
used in the construction of the ship.
The one illustrated is of 20 per cent.
nickel silver. Sculptor - Norman J.
Forrest.
RIGHT: À corner of the
First. Class Cocktail
Lounge showing the
nickel silver balustrad-
ing, door and window
framing, door furniture
and clock rim.
BELOW: Two types of
ceiling light executed
in nickel silver.
LEFT: First Class Cock-
tail Lounge in which
nickel silver is used for
the decorative balustra-
ding. bar fittings. metal
trim of bar and beading
to columns. The hand-
rail round the front is
of cupro-nickel.
By courtesy of Trollope
& Sons (London) Ltd.
in association with the very desirable characteristic of ease of maintenance
even in marine atmospheres, ensures a strong position for these alloys in
modern decorative materials.
In the Queen Elizabeth full use has been made of the aesthetic appeal
created by blending the soft silver “satin” or “matte” finishes obtainable on
nickel silver with the rich variegated colourings of Empire woods, tapestries,
coloured leathers, plastics and glass. At the same time this alloy has the
advantage of ability to withstand the service demands of arduous usage on
such details as door furniture, kicking plates, luggage strip in halls and
passageways, and handrails and balustrades on staircases. The extensive
decorative use of nickel silver is probably best illustrated by reference to the
various views given of passenger accommodation, including as it does,
decorative beadings and mouldings, window-frames, metalwork of lighting
fittings, jardinieres, columns, screens and panels, clock-faces, frames for
decorative features and mirrors, ventilation and ornamental plaques, bureau-
grilles, shop fronts and numerous minor furnishings, such as fittings of writ-
ing-tables and theatre seat- and door-furnishings.
In certain of the public rooms and passenger spaces the extensive decora-
tive metalwork is entirely in nickel silver. Views of some of these, the First-
class Main Staircase, Hall and Entrances, First-class Smoke Room, Cabin
Main Lounge and Dining Room, are given. Reference, for example, to the
view of the Cabin Main Lounge will indicate how extensively is the metalwork
used for such items as wall and ceiling lighting fittings, air-conditioning
extract plaques in ceiling, collars at top and bottom ofcolumns, panel beading,
balustrading to platform, coupled columns and jardinieres, false windows,
window-frames and sliding sashes, map-feature framing, writing-table
fittings, clock-cases, door-furniture, etc.
In addition to the decorative application, nickel has played a varied and
important part in the equipment and installations contributing to passenger
service, comfort and entertainment. Certain of the more important of these
applications have been referred to in the sections of this publication dealing
with electrical installations and catering equipment. It is, however, obviously
impossible to detail all the varied requirements which have been met by
nickel-containing alloys for small detail components throughout the
extensive services provided. They range from the high electrical, heat
and scaling resistance of the 80/20 nickel-
chromium wire constituting the heating ele-
ments of the modern convection-type Ther-
movent cabin heating installations, to the
special physical, electrical and chemical pro-
perties of the many nickel alloy components
in bedside telephone installations, steward-
call system and radio broadcasting system
throughout the passenger accommodation.
[23]
Special Decorative Effects
Among the many works of art and special decorative effects contributed by
artists of international repute, the series of nine bas reliefs designed by
Norman Forrest and located in the Cabin Smoke Room calls for particular
reference. These illustrate the materials used in the construction of the ship,
and the media used include steel, copper, nickel silver, bronze, aluminium,
lead, wood, rubber and glass. Each panel embodies a motif illustrating the
origin and use of the material used, and an impression of the excellence of
artistry and technique involved is given in the photographic reproduction of
the panel in this series depicting white metal.
Of particular interest, also, are the several examples of the modern
technique of decorative metallising or metal spraying through stencils. In
this work, sprayed metal is the medium of expression, the varied colours de-
sired being obtained by selection of suitable metals, such as nickel, copper,
Monel, phosphor bronze and stainless steel. It will be appreciated that only
those metals having artistically pleasing appearance, permanence of colour and
lustre, and freedom from corrosion in marine atmospheres, are acceptable. It
is significant that in the excellent example of this technique—the Monkey
Panel in the After Dining Room (port)—executed by J. Starkie Gardner Ltd.,
sprayed nickel is used in contrast with sprayed phosphor bronze and stainless
steel on a background panel of nickel silver.
Further examples of this craft, also by J. Starkie Gardner Ltd., are the
decorative metallised panels of various design on “A”, “B”, “R” and Main
Decks, in which sprayed nickel and nickel silver contrast with sprayed phos-
phor bronze on a dark bronze background, and the decorative panels between
pillars in the First-Class Restaurant. Here again, sprayed nickel, in combina-
tion with phosphor bronze and stainless steel, is employed to convey the
artistic expression desired. Decorative nickel spraying has also been used as a
finish to the supporting columns in the Cabin Cocktail Bar.
Service Experience
The splendid war services of Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary are too well
known to require recapitulation here. It is of interest, and appropriate in this
section, to refer to the service experience with those nickel silver fittings
which remained in these ships during their service as troop carriers. We are
indebted to Delta Metal Co. Ltd. for permission to reproduce the following
extract from a report prepared on the metal-
work of these ships as a preliminary to
la rig Ù. refitting:
You will, I am sure, be gratified to hear
that Delta No. 2 Silver Bronze has stood up
very well to the exceptionally hard testing
time of the war years where 15,000 troops
[24]
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
LEFT: Part of the
Cabin Class Kitchen,
showing a steam-heated
hotpress in Staybrite
corrosion-resisting
steel, with Bainmarie
tanks of Monel.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
RIGHT: Coffee making
machines of Monel.
By courtesy of W. M.
Still & Sons Ltd.
Steam kitchen
showingsteam-jacketed
stock pots on the right
with nickel inner bodies
and covers, Staybrite
covered tables in the
centre and steam-jack-
eted vegetable boilers
on the left with nickel
linings, covers. and
vegetable baskets.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
have been carried nearly every trip, so that every cabin has been used as was
never intended. In spite of this, doors and windows being opened and closed
goodness knows how many times, baggage of all sorts and conditions being
banged against the Delta No. 2 Silver Bronze door joints, and feet shod
in army boots kicking against them—the metal today îs as good as when it
was put in, and will only have to be cleaned “in situ”, and this applies
equally to the “Queen Elizabeth” so far as this vessel was fitted out.
Sanitary Fittings
The sanitary installation is of considerable technical interest, in that it
embodies the latest and best plumbing practice as used in many modern hotels
and public buildings of Europe and America. The system is based on the
“one pipe” system originally evolved for the owners in conjunction with the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for the Queen Mary, and
it has been fully proved during the passenger and war service of this ship.
This is no place to discuss the many and varied problems involved or the
manner in which each was solved, but some idea of the complexity of the
system can be readily appreciated by examination of the lavish provision of
toilet facilities, which is one of the main features of the passenger accom-
modation. Practically all first- and cabin-class staterooms and cabins have
private bathrooms or toilets attached, and these contain sanitary equipment
and fittings of the most up-to-date type and design, including plunge and
shower baths for hot or cold, fresh or salt water, wash basins and W.C.s.
Generous provision of these facilities is also a feature of the tourist accom-
modation. It is of interest that, in accordance with the modern conception of
sanitary installations, 20 per cent. nickel silver was used throughout for all
exposed metalwork of the system, including fittings for showers, bath sup-
plies, wastes, lavatories, plug chains, towel-rails and wall flanges. The suit-
ability and economy of nickel silver for such services has been established by
extensive experience and is based upon consideration of decorative appeal and
ability to harmonise with the many and varied multi-coloured decorative
bathroom schemes. Ease of cleaning, combined with solid whiteness through-
out, thereby eliminating any danger of removal of protective coatings by
abrasive or chemical cleaning agents, coupled with resistance to corrosion by
humid or marine atmospheres are further practical considerations enhancing
the attraction of this material for bathroom- and toilet-fittings.
In association with these properties, the
availability of nickel silver either as castings
or in such wrought forms as bar, sheet,
springs, tubing or varied sections, wire and
assembly details, such as nuts and bolts,
enhances its suitability as a material for all
sanitary purposes.
[27]
The extensive use of Staybrite corrosion-resisting steel strip drawn on
brass and wood cores over the joints in the bathroom panelling also deserves
reference.
__
V. CATERING EQUIPMENT
The spacious planning and lavish equipment of the catering department
of the Queen Elizabeth clearly demonstrates the owners” appreciation that the
impressions of their voyage retained by transatlantic travellers are strongly
influenced by the cuisine provided. To maintain the acknowledged high
reputation which the company has established in this sphere and to provide
some ten thousand meals daily, the planning and equipping of the kitchens
and complementary service have been based on skilful combination of
catering experience with the provision of the most up-to-date food handling
and cooking equipment.
In the manufacture of this equipment, extensive use has naturally been
made of the modern culinary materials nickel, Monel and corrosion-resisting
steel. These materials have long been established in the food handling and
processing industries by reason of their ability to meet the exacting require-
ments of resistance to chemical attack by food, ease of cleaning, pleasing
appearance, long life and ability to withstand service usage.
‘Staybrite” corrosion-resisting steel has been particularly widely used, and
all sinks, table and dresser tops, and general trim of cooking ranges, ovens, hot
presses, cupboards and dish-washing machines have been executed in this
material, bright and dull polish finishes being used to provide an effective con-
trast. In actual contact with foodstuffs and beverages, nickel and Monel have
mainly been used and nickel-chromium resistance alloy has been universally
adopted in the Wilson-B.T.H. Torribar electrical heating elements fitted to
ranges, ovens, hot plates, water and coffee boilers. Use has also been made of
nickel steels and nickel cast irons for the refrigerating equipment, while table
ware and cutlery are almost all in heavily silver-plated nickel silver.
It is obviously impracticable in a publication of this nature to refer to all
the detailed applications of these materials throughout the complex kitchen
installation of a liner equipped on the scale of the Queen Elizabeth. Accord-
ingly reference will be confined to typical applications in some of the main
items of equipment as detailed below.
Main Cooking Utensils
AIl the main cooking utensils used are of solid nickel plated on the outside
with copper to improve heat conductivity.
Vegetable Boilers
The steam-jacketed vegetable boilers have linings and covers of polished
nickel, with perforated pure nickel baskets to hold the vegetables.
[28]
Stock Pots
Three of the stock pots, of American manufacture installed during the
war, are manufactured in corrosion-resisting steel. The remaining twenty
steam-jacketed stock pots are nickel-lined and are fitted with polished nickel
covers.
Bainmarie Tanks
The bainmarie tanks for use with the hot presses are constructed in
Monel: those used in conjunction with the electric ranges are in corrosion-
resisting steels. For both the tureens used are of nickel.
Fish Fryers
The fish fryers have corrosion-resisting steel fat pans and drainers with
pure nickel wire baskets.
Water Boilers, Coffee and Milk Urns
AII the many water boilers, coffee and milk urns distributed throughout the
various kitchens and service pantries are in Monel, and Monel is similarly
used in the various sets of coffee-making apparatus installed in the main
kitchens.
Torribar Heating Elements
These electrical resistance heating units, which are of particularly robust
construction as befits their heavy and constant service duty, consist of a helix
of 80/20 nickel-chromium resistance wire inside, but insulated from, a
corrosion-resisting steel tube. Leads and terminals are of nickel. For hot-plate
applications these elements are cast integrally with the iron plates, while in the
ovens they are supported by stainless steel racks on either side of the cooking
space.
Refrigerating Equipment
The main carbon dioxide refrigerato compressor is fitted with 34 per cent.
nickel steel compressor rods to meet the service requirements of moderately
high tensile strength with maximum toughness and ability to take and main-
tain a high-polished surface. In the subsidiary Freon and methyl chloride com-
pressors, cylinder blocks, cylinder head and crank cases are in 1‘5 per cent.
nickel cast iron to ensure pressure-tightness and wear-resistance combined
with good machinability.
Table Ware and Cutlery
Practically all the table-ware, hollow-ware and cutlery, much of which is
specially designed for use on the ship, is in heavily silver-plated nickel silver,
mainly of the 15 per cent. nickel variety. Some idea of the extent of the use
of this material can be judged by the fact that, excluding spoons and forks,
items such as teapots, salvers, vegetable dishes, entrée dishes and cruets
number around 21,600.
[29]
LEFT & ABOVE: General
views of kitchens show-
ing solid nickel cooking
utensils and ver
ex
tensive use of Staybrite
corrosion-resisting steel
for tables and dressers,
range tops, handrails,
sinks and general trim.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
nicut: Viewof charcoal
grill showing extensive
use of Staybrite cor-
rosion-resisting steel.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
One of the
dish-washing machines
sheathed in Staybrite
corrosion-resisting
steel.
By courtesy of Dawson
TOS.
rien: A large number
of Monel boilers are
used throughout the
ship for heating water,
milk, ete.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
dumb waiter in
one of the Dining
Rooms in which Monel
is used for the hot cup-
board and hotplate
surround.
By courtesy of H. H.
Martyn Ltd.
ricut: A fish fryer in
one of the kitchens.
fitted with. stainless
steel pans and drainers
and nickel wire baskets.
By courtesy of Henry
Wilson & Co. Ltd.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In compiling this publication we have to acknowledge with gratitude the assis-
tance which we have had from Cunard White Star Ltd., and from the builders,
John Brown & Co. Ltd.
We have to thank also Mr. G. Grey Wornum, F.R.I.B.A., the architect for the
Public Rooms, and the following sub-contractors who have supplied us with
information and photographs:
Accles & Pollock Ltd.
Associated British Oil Engines Ltd.
Bath Cabinet Makers & Artcraft Ltd.
British Thomson Houston Co. Ltd.
Brookhirst Switchgear Ltd.
David Brown & Sons (Huddersfield)
Ltd.
Clarke Chapman & Co. Ltd.
Cockburns Ltd.
E. K. Cole Ltd.
Comyn Ching & Co. Ltd.
Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd., The
Crompton Parkinson Ltd.
Cronite Foundry Co. Ltd.
Cox & Company Ltd.
Dawson Bros. Ltd.
Delta Metal Co. Ltd., The
Drysdale & Co. Ltd.
Elkington & Co. Ltd.
Falk Stadelman & Co. Ltd.
Thomas Firth and John Brown Ltd.
Firth Vickers Stainless Steels Ltd.
Norman Forrest
J. Starkie Gardner Ltd.
General Electric Co. Ltd.
J. & E. Hall Ltd.
C. Harvey & Co.
Henry Hughes & Son Ltd.
International Marine Radio Co. Ltd.
Keighley Gear Co.
Maple & Co.
H. H. Martyn & Co. Ltd.
A. H. McIntosh & Co. Ltd.
McKechnie Brothers Ltd.
Thomas Mercer Ltd.
Merseyside Metal Sprayers Ltd.
Nife Batteries Ltd.
F. & C. Osler Ltd.
George Parnall & Co.
C. P. Parry Ltd.
G. T. Rackstraw Ltd.
Shanks & Co. Ltd.
Siemens Brothers & Co. Ltd.
Sperry Gyroscope Co. Ltd., The
W. M. Still & Sons Ltd.
Stothert & Pitt Ltd.
Samuel Taylor & Sons (Brierley Hill)
Ltd.
John I. Thornycroft & Co. Ltd.
Frederick Tibbenham Ltd.
Trollope & Sons
Troughton & Young Lighting Ltd.
Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co.
Ltd.
Waring & Gillow (1932) Ltd.
G. &J. Weir Ltd.
Allen West & Co. Ltd.
Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd.
Henry Wilson & Co. Ltd.
Worcester Brass Co. Ltd., The
Attention is drawn to the fact that many of the names of materials and equipment
mentioned in this publication are registered trade marks.
THE CUNARD WHITE STAR LINER
R.M.S. “QUEEN ELIZABETH”
Builders John Brown & Co. Ltd., Clydebank
Contract signed October 6th, 1936
Keel laid December, 1936
Launched September 27th, 1938, by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
Maiden voyage March 2nd, 1940
First passenger sailing October 16th, 1946
Service Southampton-New York
Dimensions and Figures
Gross tonnage 83,673
Length 1,931 ft.
Width 118»
Length of promenade deck 724 »
Height of keel to superstructure 135%
No. of decks 14
No. of public rooms 35
No. of passengers: First Class 822
Cabin 668
Tourist 798
Total 2,288
No. of meals served per day 10,000
War Service
Miles steamed on war service 492,635
Service personnel carried 811,324
No. of meals served 22,015,764
Propelling Machinery
Type: Quadruple screw Parsons’ reaction single reduction geared turbines.
Number of turbines in each set—Four. H.P. Ist I.P., and IP. and'L.P.
Total shaft horsepower over 160,000.
Boiler Equipment
Type of boiler Yarrow side-fired oil fuel
No. of boiler rooms Four
No. of boilers Twelve
Designed working pressure 425 Ib. per sq. în.
Final steam temperature 750° F.
Generating Sets
Four sets 2,200 kw. 225 volt. B.T.H. geared turbo-dynamos
Total output 8,800 kw.
Speed of turbines 4,500 r.p.m.
Speed of generators 600 r.p.m.
Steam pressure 390 Ib. per sq. in.
Steam temperature 730° F.
134
PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY SIMSON SHAND LTD., LONDON AND HERTFORD. 4703.
Position: 2198 (37 views)